ABSTRACT
The CYP2D6 enzyme is crucial for the metabolism of tamoxifen. The CYP2D6 gene is highly polymorphic, and individuals can be extensive, intermediate, or poor tamoxifen metabolizers. The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies of the CYP2D6 *3, *4, and *10 alleles in women with breast cancer who were treated with tamoxifen and analyze the association of enzyme activity with prognostic factors and disease-free survival. We observed a high frequency of CYP2D6 *10, with an allelic frequency of 0.14 (14.4%). The *3 allele was not present in the studied population, and *4 had an allelic frequency of 0.13 (13.8%). We conclude that patients with reduced CYP2D6 activity did not present worse tumor characteristics or decreased disease-free survival than women with normal enzyme activity, as the difference was not statistically significant. We also observed a high frequency of CYP2D6 *10, which had not been previously described in this specific population. This study is the first in north-northeastern Brazil that aimed to contribute to the knowledge of the Brazilian regional profile for CYP2D6 polymorphisms and their phenotypes. These findings add to the knowledge of the distribution of different polymorphic CYP2D6 alleles and the potential role of CYP2D6 genotyping in clinical practice prior to choosing therapeutic protocols.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Adenocarcinoma/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , /genetics , Gene Frequency , Alleles , Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis , Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use , Brazil/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , /classification , Disease-Free Survival , Genotype , Neoplasm Staging , Phenotype , Prognosis , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Tamoxifen/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Since the original description of the most severe from of breast asymmetry by Poland [1], this matter has been revised from time to time. Not all breast asymmetries can be classified as pathologic. Indeed, most women have slightly different breasts. The therapeutic arsenal of modern Plastic Surgery includes techniques of reduction mammaplasty, augmentation mammaplasty and mastopexy, that should be used in accordance with the specific need of each case [2]. In the present study four cases of breast asymmetry are reported, analyzing esthetic aspects and surgical procedures employed in each case.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Breast/pathology , Mammaplasty , Breast/surgeryABSTRACT
This study analyzed the perfusion of randomized skin flaps in rats after nicotine injections, in doses that could be compared with heavy and light smorkers. A skin flap was elevated after 12 weeks of nicotine adminsitration and the percentage of necrotic area was determined thereafter. There was a statistically significant difference between "heavy smokers" in the preoperative (G3) and preoperative and postoperative periods (G5), suggesting a deleterious effect of nicotine in the postoperative period